Scientists may have found a way to extend lifespan without strict dieting; here’s what the research shows

For ages, humanity has sought the key to longevity through various means. While the mythical philosopher's stone remains elusive, science has identified a reliable method to extend lifespan in animals: dietary restriction. This practice initiates biological processes that slow aging and enhance longevity. However, strict dieting is often difficult and unsustainable. The critical question is whether we can achieve similar benefits without drastically altering our eating habits. Could science create treatments that mimic calorie restriction, offering a longer, healthier life without constant hunger?

Researchers have been studying molecules that replicate the biological effects of reduced food intake. Rapamycin and metformin are two of the most researched compounds. These substances offer the potential to increase lifespan without the difficulties of strict dieting.

A recent study from the University of East Anglia compared the effects of these drugs to dietary restriction. The findings revealed that rapamycin had life-extending effects almost as consistent as eating less, while metformin did not produce the same longevity benefits.

The Science Behind Dietary Restriction

Dietary restriction has long been a cornerstone of anti-aging research. Initial studies demonstrated that laboratory rats on lower-calorie diets lived longer than their counterparts with normal diets. Since then, studies have shown that reducing calorie intake through portion control or intermittent fasting can extend life in various species.

However, maintaining a strict diet is challenging, and excessive restriction can be detrimental to health. This is why scientists are focused on identifying alternatives that offer similar benefits with fewer drawbacks.

Rapamycin and Metformin: Anti-Aging Contenders

Rapamycin, initially discovered in Easter Island soil in the 1970s, is a powerful immunosuppressant drug used to prevent organ transplant rejection. Its anti-aging properties stem from its ability to inhibit mTOR, a key molecular switch that signals nutrient abundance to cells. By suppressing this signal, rapamycin mimics the effects of dietary deprivation at the cellular level. Combining rapamycin with another medication, trametinib, has been shown to further extend the lifespan of mice.

Metformin, a compound derived from the French lilac plant, is commonly prescribed to manage blood sugar levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Similar to rapamycin, it targets the body's nutrient-sensing mechanisms. Given its established safety record and widespread use, it has been considered a promising candidate for life extension.

However, a review of 167 studies involving various vertebrate animals found no consistent evidence that metformin prolonged lifespan. This suggests that it may not fully replicate the benefits of dietary restriction, at least when used alone.

Dietary Restriction vs. Pills: Which is Best?

The research examined three interventions:

• Dietary restriction (reduced intake)
• Rapamycin
• Metformin

The results indicated that:

• Dietary restriction remains the most reliable method for increasing lifespan.
• Rapamycin is a close second, showing promising results across species and sexes.
• Metformin did not consistently demonstrate significant benefits.

This research highlights rapamycin as one of the most promising leads in the pursuit of effective anti-aging treatments.

The Future of Aging: Promising, Yet Experimental

While aging is not a disease, it is a major risk factor for chronic conditions like cancer, dementia, and cardiovascular disease. Slowing the aging process could lead to healthier, longer lives and reduced healthcare costs, especially as global populations age. However, some studies have shown that rapamycin or dietary restriction can, in some cases, shorten lifespan. It's also important to note that most studies have been conducted on animals, not humans.

Dr. Edward Ivimey-Cook from the University of Glasgow emphasized the need for continued research into rapamycin's potential for promoting healthy aging. Dr. Sultanova supported this view, noting the potential of drug repurposing for enhancing both healthspan and lifespan. Both rapamycin and metformin are currently undergoing human clinical trials, with results pending.